Les facteurs associés à la décision d'achat et la consommation du lait de vache chez les adultes de la ville de kénitra (Maroc)

Introduction : Le lait représente un aliment indispensable dans notre régime alimentaire. Contexte : Plusieurs déterminants interviennent dans la décision d'achat et la consommation du lait de vache. Objectif : Déterminer les principaux facteurs qui influencent la consommation et la décision d'achat du lait de vache chez les adultes de la ville de Kénitra au Maroc. Matériel et Méthodes : La collecte des données s'est effectuée à l'aide d'un questionnaire se rapportant à leur niveau socio-économique, leur état de santé, leur consommation du lait et des produits laitiers et sa fréquence. Résultats : Le test de Chi deux a mis en évidence que, le sexe (p=0.008), l'âge (p=0.01, le statut matrimonial (p=0.007) et revenu mensuel (p=0.025) sont les paramètres sociodémographiques et socioéconomique qui influencent la consommation de lait chez les sujets de notre étude. Conclusion : Notre étude a permis d'identifier le sexe, l'âge, la situation matrimoniale, le prix et le revenu mensuel comme étant des déterminants majeurs de la consommation de lait de vache

Compliance with Infant Formula Feeding By HIV-Positive Women One Week after Delivery in Khayelitsha; South Africa

When mixed feeding occurs a few days following delivery; the risk of HIV transmission is likely high. The study aim was to assess infant feeding practices; one week following delivery of HIV-positive mothers who intended to formula feed their infants. A consecutive sample of 95 HIV-positive mother-infant pairs was recruited soon after delivery from a midwife obstetric unit in Khayelitsha. Face-to-face interviews were conducted one week after delivery at the clinic to determine the actual infant feeding practices. Sixty-four HIV-positive mother-infant pairs completed the study. The response rate was 67. The median interview day was day 8. Sixty-two mothers (97) (95 CI: 95 to 99) exclusively formula fed their infants. Fifty (78) (95 CI: 73 to 83) mothers gave their infants formula milk only. Two mothers breast-fed their babies. Twelve (19) gave their babies other fluids or food. Eleven gave water; glucose water or gripe water and one gave cereal or porridge. Breast engorgement occurred in 51 (80) mothers. Only five (8) mothers had received advice about breast engorgement from the facility health providers. Compliance with formula feeding of HIV-positive mothers one week following delivery is at an acceptable level. Levels of breast engorgement and lack of counselling on breast engorgement were high. Advice about non-pharmacological methods of managing breast engorgement must be given to women choosing to formula feed their babies. Mothers must be informed about the dangers of mixed feeding during the first week after delivery

Biochemical Nutritional Parameters in Breast-Milk and Plasma of HIV Infected Lactating Nigerian Mothers on Anti-Retroviral Therapy

Undernourishment in HIV infected individuals exacerbates immunosuppression; acceleration of HIV replication and CD4 + T cell depletion. The production of human milk (lactogenesis) is dependent on factors in the blood therefore deranged blood parameters in HIV patients are expected to reflect in the components of breast milk. Study on effects of HIV infection on nutritional components of breast milk and plasma is scarce. This study assessed the impact which HIV infection might have on the nutritional quality of human breast milk and plasma by determining the levels of biochemical nutritional factors such as albumin; pre-albumin; transferrin and retinol binding in HIV infected lactating mothers (n=20) and HIV-negative lactating mothers (n=30) using immunoplates. The mean plasma level of albumin was significantly reduced in HIV infected lactating mothers (HIM) compared with HIV-negative lactating mothers (control). Breast milk transferrin was significantly increased in HIM compared with the control. It is concluded from this study that hypoalbuminaemia is a common feature in HIV-infected lactating mothers

Assessment of Iron Content of Breast Milk in Preterm and Term Mothers in Enugu Urban

Background: It is commonly assumed that preterm babies are malnourished and this has led to all forms of micronutrient supplementation including iron. Objective:The aim of the study is to compare the iron content in breast milk of mothers who had preterm and term babies.Methods:Ninety six (96) lactating mothers who delivered their babies at term and 68 lactating mothers who had preterm deliveries were recruited for the study. The mothers were attending the postnatal clinic of one secondary and two tertiary healthcare facilities in Enugu. Breast milk iron concentration was determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer.Results:The differences in the mean values for the iron concentrations in preterm and term breast milk were statistically significant (39.06±10.78 versus 32.79±14.17 µmol/L, P =0.02). In both groups, the breast milk iron concentration gradually decreased as lactation progressed. (P <0.0001).Conclusion:The iron content of breast milk from mothers who had preterm babies is higher when compared to mothers who had term babies. It may thus be needless to introduce exogenous iron during lactation

RAST-specific IgE to egg and milk in Nigerian asthmatic patients

Food allergens have been described in studies in southern parts of Nigeria but rarely in northern parts of Nigeria. Furthermore; the role of specific antibody to such allergen moieties have not been determined. The aim of this study is to assess the role of two common food items in the aetiology of asthma in Zaria. RAST-specific IgE to milk and egg; which are two common foods in Nigeria; and skin prick tests were therefore studied in bronchial asthma patients and controls in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital; Zaria to determine their significance in the clinical manifestation of asthma patients. Total serum IgA; IgE and secretory IgA were also measured in patients and controls. RAST titres were poorly discriminating between controls and patients; although six patients had history of gastrointestinal symptoms after ingestion of egg while three patients had history of such symptoms; some with positive skin prick tests and high RAST-specific IgE titres. Asthmatic patients had significantly higher mean serum secretory IgA and total IgA levels than controls while total serum IgE levels were similarly distributed among patients and controls. It is suggested that provocation tests are mandatory to confirm bronchial allergic reactions to egg and milk and perhaps other food allergens in Nigerians in view of the non-discriminant RAST titres obtained in this study

Prevalence de Escherichia coli enteropathogenes dans le lait non pasteurise produit a Abidjan; Cote d'Ivoire

L'objectif de cette etude etait de determiner la prevalence de Escherichia coli enteropathogenes (ECEP) dans le lait non pasteurise. Un total de 207 echantillons ont ete analyses pour l'identification de E. coli. Les souches ont ete caracterisees par reaction de polymerisation en chaine (PCR) pour la detection des genes eaeA et bfp et un test a ete effectue sur lignee cellulaire Hep-2 pour la determination des phenotypes d'adhesion caracteristiques. La prevalence des E. coli presentant des genes de virulence dans le lait non Pasteurise est de 3;4(7 souches). La frequence des ECEP typiques (eaeA; bfp) est de 1;2. Les ECEP atypiques (eaeA+; bfp-) ont ete reveles dans 1;6des souches. Une adhesion localisee aux cellules Hep-2 a ete observee chez 3 (43) des souches possedant des facteurs de virulence. Le lait non pasteurise represente un facteur de risque de developpement d'infection a ECEP chez les enfants consommateurs

Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Milk in the Mafikeng Area; North West Province; South Africa

The aim of this study was to isolate Staphylococcus aureus from samples of cow's milk obtained from different farm settings and to determine their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Gram staining; oxidase; catalase; DNase; haemolysis and the MASTASTAPHTM rapid agglutination tests were employed for bacterial identification. A total of 28 milk samples were collected and screened for the presence of S. aureus. All the samples were contaminated with S. aureus. A total of 240 S. aureus isolates were obtained during this study. The levels of contamination with S. aureus were higher in milk obtained from the communal farms in Lokaleng and Mogosane (24.6and 35.4; respectively)compared to the commercial farms in Rooigrond and Molelwane (17.9and 22.1; respectively). A large percentage of the S. aureus isolates (39-100) from both communal farms was resistant to methicillin (MT); ampicillin (AP); penicillin G (PG); sulphamethoxazole (Smx); oxytetracycline (OT); erythromycin (E); nitrofurantoin (NI) and streptomycin (S); but not vancomycin (V). An even higher percentage (64.2- 100) of the isolates from both commercial farms was resistant to sulphamethoxazole and nitrofurantoin. A comparably smaller percentage (3.4- 4.7) of the isolates from both communal farms was resistant to vancomycin; but all isolates from commercial farm milk were susceptible to this drug. The predominant multiple antibiotic resistant phenotypes for isolates from the commercial farms were AP-Smx-NI and MT-AP-PG-OT-Smx-NI for Rooigrond and Molelwane farms; respectively; while those for isolates from the communal farms were MT-AP-PG-Smx-E-NI-S and MT-AP-PG-OT-Smx-NI-S for Lokaleng and Mogosane; respectively. When comparing the percentage of antibiotic resistance; a significant positive correlation was observed between the isolates from the commercial farms (r = 0.966; p 0.01). S. aureus is normally resident in humans; therefore; the S. aureus present in the cows may have resulted from transmission between the two species; emphasising the need to improve sanitary conditions in the milking environment

The Effect of Moderate Alcohol Intake on Gallblader Motility: a Milk Ultrasonographic Study

Objectives: To assess the effect of periodic and moderate alcohol intake on gallbladder motility. Methods: The ultrasonographic ellipsoid method was used in 21 healthy male subjects: 12 non-alcohol and 9 alcohol drinkers. The stimulus for gallbladder contraction was 165 ml of half cream milk. Gallbladder dynamics were studied for 20 minutes following the ingestion of the milk. The mean percentage change in gallbladder volume after 10 and 20 minutes gave indications of gallbladder motility. Results: Moderate and periodic alcohol intake did not stimulate rapid postprandial gallbladder emptying. Conclusion: The protective effect of alcohol against biliary cholesterol cholelithiasis could not be due to stimulation of gallbladder emptying

Aspects of Microbial Quality of some Milk Products in Abuja Nigeria

Purpose: To assess the microbiological quality of some milk products in Abuja; Nigeria capital city; and the resistance of isolates to some broad spectrum antibiotics. Method: Three packs of different brands of yoghurt and pasteurized milk purchased from four different locations were assessed in duplicate. Isolates were identified using growth on agar and broth; Gram's reaction; colony morphology; biochemical tests results and criteria for disregarding negative cultures. Resistance of isolates from pasteurized milk was determined using the antibiotic sensitivity test (zones of inhibition). Results: 33 bacterial and 12 fungal isolates belonging to 9 and 3 genera respectively were identified from the yoghurt samples. Presence of yeast was found to increase the microbial load of bacteria groups and decrease the load of live and active cultures which was absent in 33of yoghurt samples. 27of samples were heat-treated and contained no LAC. A total of 19 bacterial isolates belonging to 6 genera were identified from the pasteurized milk samples. Milk quality based on methylene blue decolourization time measurement revealed that 49of the assessed samples were of excellent quality; 37of good quality; 14of fair quality; and 0of poor quality. No milk sample was sterile. Among the three antibiotics tested for resistance on the isolated bacterial strains; three different resistance patterns were observed. Conclusion: Our study shows that mesophilic yeast was the main cause of yoghurt spoilage. Sampled yoghurt is unlikely to make a vital input to LAC intake in Nigerian diets and poses some yet undefined risk. Visual inspection of packages; quality assessment of diary plants/vessels and packaging materials; dye reduction tests; refrigeration at all times; and resistance testing should be critically considered before the use of recommended antibiotics.of yoghurt samples. 27of samples were heat-treated and contained no LAC. A total of 19 bacterial isolates belonging to 6 genera were identified from the pasteurized milk samples. Milk quality based on methylene blue decolourization time measurement revealed that 49of the assessed samples were of excellent quality; 37of good quality; 14of fair quality; and 0of poor quality. No milk sample was sterile. Among the three antibiotics tested for resistance on the isolated bacterial strains; three different resistance patterns were observed. Conclusion: Our study shows that meso- philic yeast was the main cause of yoghurt spoilage. Sampled yoghurt is unlikely to make a vital input to LAC intake in Nigerian diets and poses some yet undefined risk. Visual inspection of packages; quality assessment of diary plants/vessels and packaging materials; dye reduction tests; refrigeration at all times; and resistance testing should be critically considered before the use of recommended antibiotics

Growth potential and inhibition of bacillus cereus and staphylococcus aureus during the souring of ergo; a traditional Ethiopian fermented milk

The growth potential of bacillus cereus and staphylococcus in milk in non-smoked and smoked containers was assessed. In non-smoked containers both organisms reached a level of about 10[7] cfu/ml within 24 hours. A marked retardation of growth of the organisms was achieved until 24 hours (10[3] cfu/ml) by smoking the containers. In souring Ergo; pH fell to -4.3 and titratable acidity increased to more than 0.73 in 24 hours in milk in non-smoking containers and the organisms were completely inhibited within 24 to 36 hours. Although rate of pH drop and increase in titratable acidity was slightly lower in souring Ergo in smoked containers; complete inhibition of the test organisms was detected within 24 hours. Smoking containers and inoculating a heat-treated milk with an old Ergo starter is recommended to obtain a wholesome product

Nutrient intake and milk yield of lactating rural Ghanaian women

The milk yield and 7-day weighed food intakes of 6 lactating mothers in the post-partum period of 2 to 10 months were determined. Breast-milk was analysed for protein and vitamin A. Weights and heights of the mothers and their infants were taken. The results suggest that even though milk yield may seem low compared with values from developed countries; exclusive breast-feeding of the Ghanaian infant for the first 4 months of life will support satisfactory growth